Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel

Chemist, Inventor, Awesome Administrator, Social Reformer.

“It could and should soon come to pass that all states pledge themselves collectively to attack an aggressor. That would make war impossible, and would force even the most brutal and unreasonable Power to appeal to a court of arbitration, or else keep quiet.”

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George Smith

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018

Nobel co-recipients: Frances H. Arnold, Sir Gregory P. Winter

Award: “for the phage display of peptides and antibodies.”

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Yoshinori Ohsumi

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016

Award: “for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy.”

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Satoshi Omura

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015

Nobel co-recipient: William C. Campbell, Tu Youyou

Award: “for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites.”

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Aziz Sancar

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015

Nobel co-recipients: Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich

Award: “for mechanistic studies of DNA repair.”

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Kailash Satyarthi

The Nobel Peace Prize 2014

Co-nobelist: Malala Yousafzai

Prize motivation: “for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education.”

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Eugene F. Fama Ph.D., MBA

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2013

Nobel co-recipients Lars Peter Hansen, Robert J. Shiller

Economist. Empirical analysis of asset prices. Influenced development of index funds. Father of modern finance. Idea is ‘how do you measure risk?’ Windsurfing, golf, opera.

In University of Chicago – Economics. Environment so productive. “We have good people, you need that; very interactive environment; people help one another out a lot. I couldn’t do what I did without the help of my professors, colleagues and students. Everybody contributes to everybody else.”

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Randy Schekman

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013

Nobel co-recipients: James E. Rothman, Thomas C. Südhof

Award: “for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells.”

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Sir John B. Gurdon Kt DPhil DSc FRS

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012

Nobel co-recipient Shinya Yamanaka

Developmental Biologist. Mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. Hobbies: Outdoor sports, mountaineering, travelling, but not theatre, music, reading.

At age15, damning school report: …he will not listen, but will insist in doing his work his own way…has ideas of becoming a Scientist…waste of time for him and teachers.

`Know Thyself

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Shinya Yamanaka

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012

Nobel co-recipient: Sir John B. Gurdon

Award: “for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.”

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Tawakkol Karman

The Nobel Peace Prize 2011

Co-nobelists: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee

Prize motivation: “for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work.”

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Ellen Sirleaf

The Nobel Peace Prize 2011

Co-nobelists: Leymah Gbowee, Tawakkol Karman

Prize motivation: “for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Dan Shechtman

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011

Award: “for the discovery of quasicrystals.”

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Ei-ichi Negishi

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010

Nobel Co recipients Richard F. Heck, Akira Suzuki

Organic Chemist. Inventor of organozinc variant of the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Read voraciously including “how to …” publications. Dreamt of Nobel half century prior to being awarded prize. Upon arriving in US and discovering Nobelists visiting UPenn, realized that being awarded the Nobel could happen to anybody including himself.

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Barack H. Obama J.D.

The Nobel Peace Prize 2008

US President, Attorney, Democrat. Award: ‘Extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy, cooperation between peoples.’
Prevented Iran acquiring nuclear weapon. Reopened relations with Cuba. Saved auto industry. Deal: slow climate change. Obamacare. Voter registration drive. African American. Orator

“Our actions matter, can bend history in direction of justice.”
“Yes we can!”

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Elizabeth M. Blackburn

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Nobel co-recipients: Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak

Award: “for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Jack Szostak

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Nobel co-recipients: Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider

Award: “for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase.”

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Charles Kao Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006

Co-nobelist: Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith

Prize motivation: “for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication.”

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Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009

Nobel co-recipients: Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath

Award: “for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome.”

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Luc Montagnier

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008

Nobel co-recipients: Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinouss

Prize: “for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus.”

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Francoise Barre-Sinoussi

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008

Nobel co-recipients: Harald zur Hausen, Luc Montagnier

Award: “for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus.”

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Martti Ahtisaari

The Nobel Peace Prize 2008

Peace broker. Peacefully ended conflicts worldwide. Namibia’s independence from South Africa following war. Yugoslavia – end to the war in Kosovo. Indonesia – Aceh Peace Accord following war.
Founded Crisis Management Initiative.

“Peace is question of will. All conflicts can be settled. No excuses for allowing them to become eternal.”

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Oliver Smithies

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007

Nobel co-recipients: Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans

Award: “for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells.”

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Ertl Gerhard

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007

Award: “for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.”

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Martin J. Evans

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007

Nobel co-recipients: Mario R. Capecchi, Oliver Smithies

Prize: “for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells.”

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John C. Mather Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006

Co-nobelist George F. Smoot

Physicist – Astrophysics, Instrumentation. COBE, Blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

“For years I had successfully repelled all challenges to my concentration on one overwhelming responsibility. Now, it was done, and I switched my attention to …”

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Roger Kornberg

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006

Award: “for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.”

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Mohamed ElBaradei JSD

The Nobel Peace Prize 2005

Joint awardee: International Atomic Energy Agency

Attorney, Egyptian Diplomat. ‘Prevent military use of nuclear energy, ensure nuclear energy used safely for peace.’ Worked in UN. Director General, IAEA. IAEA:
‘to accelerate, enlarge atomic energy contribution to peace, health, prosperity throughout world.’

“Durable peace is not a single achievement, but an environment, a process and a commitment.”

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Barry J. Marshall

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005

Co Nobelists: J. Robin Warren

Award: “for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.”

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Robin Warren

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005

Nobel co-recipient: Barry J. Marshall

Award: “for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.”

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Robert Grubbs

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005

Nobel co-recipients: Yves Chauvin, Richard R. Schrock

Award: “for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis.”

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John Sulston

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002

Nobel co-recipients: Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz

Award: “for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death’.”

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Kurt Wuthrich

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002

Nobel co-recipients: John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka

Award: “for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.”

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Sir Paul Nurse

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001

Nobel co-recipients: Leland Hartwell, Tim Hunt

Award: “for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle.”

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William Knowles

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001

Nobel co-recipients: Ryoji Noyori, Barry Sharpless

Award: “for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions.”

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Paul Greengard

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000

Nobel co-recipients: Arvid Carlsson, Eric Kandel

Prize: “for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.”

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Kim Dae-jung

The Nobel Peace Prize 2000

President, S. Korea, ‘Sunshine Politician’. ‘Democracy, human rights in South Korea, East Asia; peace, reconciliation with North Korea.’ Assassination attempts. Jailed. Exiled in US.

“King is son of heaven. Heaven sent him to serve people with just rule. If he unjust, oppresses people, people have right to dispose of him.”

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Eric Kandel

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000

Co Nobelists: Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard

Award: “for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.”

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Günter Blobel

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999

Award: “for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell.”

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Robert F. Furchgott

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998

Nobel co-recipients: Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad

Prize: “for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.”

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Ferid Murad

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998

Nobel co-recipients: Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro

Prize: “for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.”

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Jody Williams

The Nobel Peace Prize 1997

Nobel co-recipient: International Campaign to Ban Landmines ,

“for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines.”

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Carlos Belo

The Nobel Peace Prize 1996

Co-nobelists: José Ramos-Horta

“Nations will proclaim his wisdom; the assembly will celebrate his praises. If he lives long, his name will be more glorious than a thousand others, and if he dies, that will satisfy him just as well” (Wisdom 39, 10-11)

“… it expresses with deep significance the memory of the man we remember this day whose esteemed Peace Prize bears his name. Today, 10th December, we celebrate the centennial anniversary of the death of a wise benefactor of humanity, a peace worker, Alfred Nobel.” – Nobel Lecture, Nobel foundation.

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Christiane Nusslein-Volhard

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995

Nobel co-recipients: Edward B. Lewis, Eric F. Wieschaus

Award: “for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.”

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Martin Rodbell

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994

Nobel co-recipient: Alfred G. Gilman

Award: “for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.”

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Nelson Mandela

The Nobel Peace Prize 1993

Co-Nobelist F.W. de Klerk

Award: “for work regarding peaceful termination of apartheid regime and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa.”

Nelson Mandela’s Nobel co-recipient was President Frederik Willem de Klerk who released him from prison. They had agreed to transitioning to majority rule peacefully.

“It always seems impossible until it’s done.”

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Aung San Suu Kyi

The Nobel Peace Prize 1991

Prize motivation: “for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights.”

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Joseph E. Murray

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990

Nobel co-recipient: E. Donnall Thomas

“for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Donnall Thomas

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990

Nobel co-recipient: Joseph E. Murray

Award: “for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

George H. Hitchings

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988

Co Nobelists Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion

Chemist, Pharmacologist. Discovered principles for drug treatment; developed drugs – anticancer, immunosuppressive, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-gout, anti-malarial. Purines. 6-mercaptopurine, Imuran, allopurinol, pyramethamine, trimethoprim, Acyclovir.

“My greatest satisfaction … save lives, relieve suffering. At baptism, my father dedicated my life to service of mankind. Very proud … able to fulfill his hopes.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Rita Levi-Montalcini

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986

Nobel co-recipients: Stanley Cohen

Prize: “for their discoveries of growth factors.”

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Alva Myrdal

The Nobel Peace Prize 1980

Diplomat, Innovator, Writer. Disarmament, Nuclear Weapons-Free Zones. Technology and growth in violence. Women’s rights. Swedish Ambassador to India. Insightful.

“Never forget trampling down of human dignity, rights, increase in acts of violence, torture use, testifies to persistence in contempt for suffering of individual men and women.”
“Down with nuclear weapons!”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Aaron Klug

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982

Crystallographic electron microscopy. Biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes’ structural elucidation. Viruses’ 3D imaging. Zinc fingers.

“Saw Rosalind Franklin’s beautiful tobacco mosaic virus’ X-ray photographs. From then on my fate was sealed.”

“Aaron could see colleagues’ strengths, weaknesses in observations; inspired them to conduct more rigorous, adventurous research.” – Richard Henderson.

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Baruj Benacerraf, M.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980

Nobel co-recipients: Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1990

Physician, Scientist – Immunologist, teacher, remarkable leader. Discovered genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.

“Baruj did not always get on well with those in authority, often because he felt he could do their jobs so much better than they did …”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

The Nobel Peace Prize 1980

Human Rights Leader, Architect, Sculptor. Believed in nonviolence. Fought for indigenous peoples.

“It is essential to have inner peace and the serenity of prayer to listen to the silence of God, which speaks to us, in our personal life and the history of our times, of the power of love.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Jean Dausset

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980

Nobel co-recipients: Baruj Benacerraf, George D. Snell

Award: “for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Godfrey N. Hounsfield

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979

Co Nobelists Allan M. Cormack

Award: “for the development of computer assisted tomography.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Werner Alber

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978

Award: “for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Philip Anderson

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977

Co-Nobelist Sir Nevill F. Mott, John H. van Vleck

Award: “for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Betty Williams

The Nobel Peace Prize 1976

Co-nobelist: Mairead Corrigan

Role: Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)
Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan received their Nobel Prize one year later, in 1977.

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Mairead Corrigan

The Nobel Peace Prize 1976

Co-nobelist: Betty Williams

Role: Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)
Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan received their Nobel Prize one year later, in 1977.

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Sean MacBride

The Nobel Peace Prize 1974

Co-nobelist: Eisaku Sato

Role: President of the Commission of Namibia, United Nations, New York, USA, President of the International Peace Bureau, Geneva, Switzerland

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Rosalyn Yalow

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977

Nobel co-recipients: Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally

Award: “for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones.”

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Nikolaas Tinbergen, Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973

Co-nobelists Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz

Biologist – Ornithologist. Discovered ‘organization and elicitation of individual and social behavior patterns’. Sticklebacks fish. Bee wolf, a digger wasp, Philanthus Triangulum. Adventurous. Elder brother Jan Tinbergen is Economics Nobelist, 1969, the first year the Economics prize was awarded. Both awarded at age 66yrs.

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Simon S. Kuznets Ph.D.

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1971

Economist and Statistician. Interpreted economic growth in a manner which helped better understand economic and social structure.

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Robert W. Holley, Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968

Nobel co-recipients: H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg

Organic Chemist. ‘Interpreted genetic code and its function in protein synthesis’ First chemical synthesis of penicillin. Research: amino acids, peptides, protein biosynthesis. Discovered and isolated tRNA [transfer RNA] – alanine transfer RNA.

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Luis Alvarez Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968

Award: “for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

René Cassin

The Nobel Peace Prize 1968

Jurist, Judge, Humanitarian, Internationalist. Father of the Declaration of Human Rights.

‘As a child I was filled with passionate admiration for acts of civic courage I had seen performed by an elderly military doctor, who was a friend of my family.” – René Cassin

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Martin Luther King Jr.

The Nobel Peace Prize 1964

Award: The Nobel Peace Prize 1964 was awarded to Martin Luther King Jr.

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Nicolay Basov

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964

Nobel co-recipients: Charles H. Townes, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov

Award: “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.”

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

James D. Watson

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962

Co-Nobelists Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins

The President’s National Medal of Sciences – Biological Sciences 1997

Zoologist. ‘Discovered molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.’ Very generous with subordinates regarding authorship of articles.

“Good science is difficult. We must believe strongly in our ideas.”

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Georg von Békésy Ph.D. [Physics]

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961

Physicist, Communication engineer. Psychophysiology of hearing. Physical mechanism of stimulation within cochlea, a frequency analyzer. Accidental selection of science field. Technically skillful, elegant experimental design. He nuisance to autopsy room, mechanical workshops.

“Found inner ear beautiful under stereoscopic microscope. It was pleasure of beauty that made me stick to ear.”.

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

William B. Shockley Ph.D.

Nobel Prize in Physics 1956

Nobel co-recipients John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain

Award: “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”

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Hans Krebs M.D

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953

Co-Nobelists Fritz Lipmann

Physician, Biochemist. Discovered citric acid cycle in which nutrients are converted to chemical energy molecules which are converted to ATP used in chemical processes. Krebs-Henseleit cycle.

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Ralph Bunche

The Nobel Peace Prize 1950

Role: Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948, Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N., Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Boyd Orr

The Nobel Peace Prize 1949

Role: Alimentary Politician, Physician, President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations, Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Emily Balch

The Nobel Peace Prize 1946

Nobel co-recipient: John R. Mott

Role: Formerly Professor of History and Sociology, Honorary International President, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Sir Alexander Fleming M.B., B.S.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945

Co-Nobelists: Ernst B. Chain, Sir Howard Florey

Physician – Bacteriologist, Immunologist. While researching Influenza virus, made ground breaking discovery: penicillin, by not neglecting chance observation – mould contaminating culture plate. WWI caused interest in Antiseptics. WWII, production cost was immaterial. Destiny.

Lone worker gets idea; details developed by team, but prime idea is due to enterprise, thought, perception of an individual.

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Gerhard Domagk

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939

Award: “for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil.”

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Carlos Lamas

The Nobel Peace Prize 1936

Role: Foreign Minister, Mediator in a conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia, President of the Assembly of the League of Nations

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Arthur Henderson

The Nobel Peace Prize 1934

Role: ex-Foreign Secretary, President, Disarmament Conference in 1932

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

George H. Whipple M.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934

Co-Nobelists George R. Minot, William P. Murphy

Physician; Pathologist. Pernicious anaemia liver therapy. Whipple Disease. Intestinal parasites. Blackwater fever. WWII, Chloroform anesthesia induced liver necrosis. Liver regeneration. Tuberculosis. Pancreatitis. Used Nobelists Joliot Curie’s, Fermi’s, E.O. Lawrence’s radioactive isotopes; discovered iron metabolism; protein metabolism, distribution, functions. Bile constituents. Red cell stroma.

Gentle. Quiet. Wanted to be remembered as teacher.

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Thomas H. Morgan Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933
Zoologist, Geneticist. Chromosome role in heredity, sex determination. Drosophila. Genes stored in chromosomes in nuclei. Epigenetics. Combination rule. Limited number of combination groups. Crossing-over rule. Linear arrangement of genes in chromosomes.

Didn’t attend Nobel award ceremony, because in Caltech, busy establishing new physiology group and with future of biochemistry, genetics.

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Norman Angell

The Nobel Peace Prize 1933

Co-Nobelists: Nicholas Murray Butler

Role: International President, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, Sociologist

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Jane Addams

The Nobel Peace Prize 1931

Co-Nobelists: Nicholas Murray Butler

Role: International President, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, Sociologist

NObel Prize Cash & Charity

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman M.A. [Physics]

Nobel Prize in Physics 1930

Atomic Physicist. Molecular Diffraction of Light. Raman Effect. Structure, optical behaviour of iridescent substances. Acoustics, violin.

Raman lost Nobel Prize money to fraudulent financer. Meeting fraudster years later, he said: You deserve Nobel Prize for your cunning in duping Nobel Laureate!

Playful comment: Unfortunately Economics Nobel instituted later in 1969!

Nobel Medal Cash & Charity

Ferdinand Buisson

The Nobel Peace Prize 1927

Nobel co-recipient: Ludwig Quidde

Role: Formerly Professor, Sorbonne University, Paris, Founder and President, Ligue des Droits de l’Homme (League for Human Rights)

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Aristide Briand

The Nobel Peace Prize 1922

Role: Foreign Minister, Part-originator of Locarno Pact and Briand-Kellogg Pact

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

George Bernard Shaw

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925

Award: “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty.”

“The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man.”

Nobel Prize Cash and Charity

Willem Einthoven, Physician

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924

Physician, Physiologist. Discovered electrocardiogram [EKG/ECG] mechanism. It was known that heart generates weak electrical current varying in health, heart disease. Invented galvanometer recording these currents. Named electrical waves P, Q, R, S, T. [P petite; next letters in alphabet]. Interests: Physics, Acoustics, Asthma, Optics, Physical activity. Great concentration. Generous, Kind.

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Woodrow Wilson

The Nobel Peace Prize 1919

Role: Founder of the League of Nations, President of United States of America

Woodrow Wilson received his Nobel Prize one year later, in 1920.

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Tobias Asser

The Nobel Peace Prize 1911

Nobel co-recipient: Alfred Fried

Role: Cabinet Minister, Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague, Lawyer

Emil Theodor Kocher Physician

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909

Physician, Surgeon. Award: “Thyroid physiology, pathology, surgery.” Lister’s principles. Relatively bloodless surgical field. “Kocher incision”. Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage: hoarseness; tetany, hypoparathyroidism. Myxedema: thyroid transplantation, tissue extracts injection, oral therapy.

Brain: damage, increased intra-cranial pressure, trepanation. Abdominal surgery. “Kocher mobilization”. Orthopedics: hereditary malformations, fracture. Hernia. Incision selection. Epilepsy. Osteomyelitis. Statistics.

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Alphonse Laveran Physician

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907

Nobel co-recipient: Sir Frederick Hopkins

Physician. “protozoa cause diseases.” Malarial parasite discovery received with skepticism. Sleeping sickness. Trypanosomes in different animals, countries. 1914-1918 concern: troops’ health.

“After vain attempt to detect parasite in air, water, soil; cultivate in varied media, I became convinced: microbe was already present outside human body as parasite, probably of mosquitoes.”

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Albert A. Michelson Ph.D.

Nobel Prize in Physics 1907

Award: “for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Ernesto Moneta

The Nobel Peace Prize 1907

Nobel Co-recipient: Louis Renault

Award: President, Lombard League of Peace

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Theodore Roosevelt

The Nobel Peace Prize 1906

President, USA. International Peace Arbitrator, various treaties. Vigorous, businesslike. “We abhor bully, oppressor, in private or public life”. Conservationist, protected 230,000,000 acres of public land.

After camping in Yosemite National Park, “It was like lying in a great solemn cathedral, far vaster and more beautiful than any built by man.”

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Santiago Cajal Doctor of Medicine, Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906

Co-nobelist: Camillo Golgi

Physician, Anatomist, Pathologist, Artist. Discovered nervous system structure. Stained nerve cells with silver nitrate. Proved nerve cell’s independence that impulse travels from one cell to another by synapse. He used to be a barber’s and a shoemaker’s apprentice.

“Oh comforting solitude, how favorable thou art to original thought!
“Outstanding work results from immense zeal applied to great idea.” – Santiago Cajal

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Ivan Pavlov

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904

Award: “in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

John William Strutt

Nobel Prize in Physics 1904

Award: “for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies.”

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Niels Ryberg Finsen M.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903

Physician. Founder of phototherapy in dermatology. Discovered Lupus vulgaris treatment. Researched salt. Despite having Niemann-Pick disease he was strong willed and persevering.

Had early education in Denmark. Rector, “Niels is a very nice boy. His gifts are small but he’s devoid of energy.” Cause: fagging for older pupils. He was moved to a school in Iceland. He succeeded despite not knowing the language.

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Ronald Ross, Physician

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902

Physician. Mosquitoes’ malarial parasites life-cycle. Mathematical models for epidemiology. Malaria prevention. Contributed to pure, applied mathematics

‘My microscope was worn out, screws rusted with sweat from hands, forehead; remaining eye-piece cracked; invaluable oil-immersion lens remained good.’

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Emil Adolf von Behring, Physician

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901

Physician. Serum therapy, especially against diphtheria. Tuberculosis.

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Henry Dunant

The Nobel Peace Prize 1901

Nobel co-recipient: Frédéric Passy

Role: Founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Originator Geneva Convention (Convention de Genève)

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Kofi Annan

The Nobel Peace Prize 1901

“The Arab Spring reminds me of the decolonisation process where one country gets independence, and everybody else wants it.

“The Lord had the wonderful advantage of being able to work alone.” – Kofi Annan

Nobel Prize Cash & Charity

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen

The Nobel Peace Prize 1901

“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him”